Geography Careers & Salaries Program Guide

Geography majors learn about the physical features of the earth — including climate, soil, and topography — and how people relate to the land. Learners study both physical and social science.

Geography careers include geoscientist, geographer, and cartographer. Below, readers will find more information about pursuing a career in this field, including salary potential and links to helpful resources.

Careers with a geography degree offer the opportunity to work indoors or outdoors. Geographers and survey and mapping technicians spend time out in the field collecting data and studying the land. Careers like postsecondary teacher include more desk work and less time spent outdoors.

Geography students need excellent analytical thinking skills and attention to detail. Some geography professionals work alone, while others work as part of a team, meaning students should develop the ability to both work individually and compromise with others.

Careers for a geography major also require a deep understanding of the earth and how humans interact with it.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) found that the top industries for geographers include the federal government, colleges and universities, state governments, and engineering and architectural services. Maryland and Texas offer the most employment for geographers.

However, the states with the highest employment levels do not always offer the highest salaries. For example, the BLS reports that California and Colorado, not Maryland and Texas, paid geographers the highest mean annual wage in the nation.

The BLS projects 5% job growth for geoscientists between 2019 and 2029.

Below, readers can find more information about potential salaries for geography careers. This table takes into account how salaries grow along with experience.

Source: PayScale

Through earning a geography degree, students learn how to analyze human and physical data like census reports, survey data, and maps. They work with geographic information systems (GIS) to gather data, design maps, and create visual portrayals of data.

The degree builds strong analytical and critical thinking skills. Geography students analyze data and draw conclusions from their analysis. Learners also strengthen their computer skills, writing abilities, and communication skills.

Geography students analyze information about human and physical geography, including spatial data. They look at maps, census data, and other sources to understand geography. Analytical skills, including the ability to analyze data and draw conclusions from different kinds of data, benefit geography majors after graduation.

When conducting research, geography students build critical thinking skills. They learn how to select the appropriate data, choose a method of analysis, and design research questions. Critical thinking and research skills prepare geography graduates for diverse careers in business and government agencies.

During a geography degree program, students gain familiarity with GIS technologies, database management programs, and digital image creation software. Learners master different geography software programs and applications and strengthen their computer skills. These skills help geography majors pursue careers in GIS management, cartography, and surveying.

Geography students strengthen their writing skills by completing research projects, writing persuasive papers, and creating written work for group projects or presentations. Students learn how to communicate the findings from their research, preparing them to write reports or articles. Some programs also train geography students in grant and proposal writing.

Geography majors build strong communication skills during their degree. They communicate their research, findings, and ideas on research papers; work with fellow students on group projects; and deliver presentations in class. Communication skills help geographers promote their research, work on a team, and communicate with coworkers.

While earning a geography degree, undergraduates often specialize their degree through a concentration. Concentrations prepare geography students for specific career paths after graduation.

Below are several common concentration options for geography majors.

Most geography programs offer coursework in physical and human geography. This concentration provides additional studies in human geography through classes such as urbanization and human movement, labor and housing, and human geography of specific regions. The concentration also analyzes factors that shape where people live and work. Students examine migration patterns, immigration, and urban spaces.

This concentration offers additional coursework in GIS technologies, other geospatial software applications, and database management systems for geographic information. Learners study cartographic representation, spatial analysis, geovisualization, and geospatial technologies. This concentration prepares graduates for careers working with GIS technology.

Geography majors who pursue a sustainability concentration study the relationships between economic activity, environmental policy, and sustainability. Learners study key sustainability-related geography concepts, including land use, corporate location, and international trade. The concentration also covers environmental regulatory policy, resource use, and energy policy.

This concentration examines global trade, global finance, and public health through the lens of geography. Learners study social movements, national policies, global-local relations, and global financial reforms, connecting these broader themes to location, place, and space.

A geography degree provides valuable skills in data collection, analysis, and research. Geographers examine qualitative and quantitative information to understand the earth, its land, and the distribution of populations. The skills gained during a geography degree prepare graduates for multiple geography careers, depending on their degree level and interests.

Professionals with a bachelor’s in geography can pursue careers in cartography, surveying, research, and data analysis. With a master’s degree, graduates can work as geographers, survey researchers, and urban planners.

Pursuing a certification or minoring in a related area — like environmental science, urban planning, or public health — can help geography majors expand their career opportunities.

Most careers for a geography major require either a bachelor’s degree or a master’s degree for entry-level work. Advancement can bring better job titles, better pay, and more responsibility in the workplace.

Below, readers can find more information about advancing their careers in geography. The following sections explain certification and licensure, continuing education opportunities, and benefits of joining a professional organization.

Some geography professionals advance their career through certification or licensure. Certification typically comes from a professional organization and is optional, while licensure typically comes from the government and is mandatory for certain positions. Geographers, for example, do not need licensure, but many geographers pursue certification from the GIS Certification Institute to demonstrate their proficiency.

Urban and regional planners can seek certification from the American Institute of Certified Planners. New Jersey requires these professionals to hold licensure, though most states do not.

Both certification and licensure may require candidates to pass a test and complete continuing education courses for renewal, as most licenses and certificates expire after a few years. Professionals may also need to pay a fee when they register for the first time or renew.

Geography professionals can consider several types of continuing education for career advancement, including earning a second degree, completing a certificate program, or taking an online course.

Geography professionals who work in entry-level positions that only require a bachelor’s degree may choose to earn a graduate degree or certificate. Many colleges offer certificate programs, which typically take a year or less to complete. These programs can provide useful skills and knowledge about new theories and practices in geography.

Colleges also offer online courses on specific topics and issues. These short classes allow geography professionals to gain new skills and stay current in their field. See the resources section to learn more about these options.

Geography professionals can seek advice, resources, and jobs through professional organizations. These groups bring together professionals in geography-related fields to share ideas and resources. Both students and working professionals can become members.

Geography professionals can explore organizations like the American Association of Geographers, the American Geographical Society, and the Society of Women Geographers.

These organizations provide resources such as continuing education courses and workshops. They also offer online journals and research on emerging geography technology and techniques.

Professional organizations also host networking events such as conferences. Networking gives professionals the chance to meet with their peers, find solutions to common problems, and learn about new job opportunities.

Geography professionals seeking a career change to a different job within the same field do not typically need to earn another degree unless their new job requires more advanced education. In most cases, professionals changing careers within geography only need specialized training or certification for their new job.

Professionals coming from other fields may need to earn another degree. These individuals should especially consider going back to school if their new job requires a graduate degree. Professionals coming from other fields should also strongly consider earning certification from a geography-related professional organization.

Training and courses in practical skills, such as GIS, can also be helpful.

Geography professionals can find jobs all across the country with employers such as the federal government or colleges and universities. Below, readers can learn about the top industries for careers with a geography degree.

According to the BLS, the federal government, colleges and universities, state governments, and architectural and engineering firms employ the most geography professionals. In the following section, readers can explore each of these industries in greater detail.

This industry provides jobs in urban planning and development. Surveyors can also find work with the federal government. Professionals interested in consulting or lobbying should consider this industry.

Salary: $87,850

Geographers can find careers as postsecondary teachers at colleges, universities, and professional schools. These professionals plan curricula, teach classes, conduct research, and publish scholarly works.

Salary: $67,140

State governments provide work for geographers as urban planning and development specialists or surveyors. Geographers help develop cities and survey tracts of land before construction commences.

Salary: $60,500

Architectural and engineering organizations hire geographers to help them survey land for future building projects. Geography professionals can provide detailed maps of the land and point out any potential problem areas.

Salary: $81,000

Professionals in this industry examine plots of land, provide consulting services to construction companies, and conduct scientific research to advance the field of geography. This industry includes both desk and field jobs.

Salary: $86,720

It depends on your career goals and passion for the subject. Geography graduates can find work with the government or architectural and engineering firms, helping survey land for building projects and assist in urban planning. Geography majors can also become professors in the field.

A geography degree covers both physical and social science, allowing graduates to pursue fieldwork, research, and desk jobs. Professionals in this field can find work as geographers and urban and regional planners. They can also pursue careers as surveyors and researchers.

Demand for careers with a geography degree differs by field. The BLS projects 11% job growth for urban and regional planners between 2019 and 2029. During the same period, the BLS projects 4% job growth for cartographers and a 1% decline for geographers.

Careers for a geography major offer good pay. According to the BLS, geographers earn a median annual salary of $81,540.