The number of public and nonprofit college closures keeps ticking higher. Here are the notable closures and statistics about closed colleges.
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Data Summary
At least 72 public or nonprofit colleges have closed, merged, or announced closures or mergers since March 2020.
We estimate that roughly 45,870 students have been impacted by private nonprofit college closures since 2020.
Campus closures peaked in the years leading up to the pandemic, driven by private for-profit college closures.[1]
Nearly 80% of colleges closed between 2004-2020 were for-profit schools.[2]
Just over half of students who experienced a college closure did not re-enroll (52.9%).Note Reference [2]
7 in 10 students impacted by a college closure experienced an abrupt closure.Note Reference [2]
For-profit colleges are far more likely to close abruptly than public and nonprofit colleges.
The COVID-19 pandemic brought economic challenges to nearly every industry, including higher education. Campuses temporarily shut down to help contain the virus, and some struggled to re-open when lockdowns lifted.
When a college closes, it affects students’ likelihood to re-enroll in a program — especially if a school closes abruptly, leaving students in the lurch.
This report lists major college closures since the start of the pandemic. It also covers college closure trends in the past decade and discusses what happens to students when colleges close.
List of Notable College Closures and Mergers Since March 2020
Here are some noteworthy college closures and mergers that have happened or were announced since March 15, 2020.
40 public or private nonprofit schools or campuses on our list have closed or announced planned closures.
31 public or private nonprofit schools on our list have merged or announced mergers with other universities.
As we’ll explore later, for-profit colleges tend to close at much higher rates than public and nonprofit schools. To keep our list succinct, we mainly focus on public and nonprofit colleges and only include larger for-profit schools that have sparked particular controversy.
Primary Reason: Mutual Benefit; merging into Pennsylvania Western University
June – DeVry University, Several campuses nationwide
School Type: Private for-profit
Primary Reason: Unclear; DeVry closed 22 campuses between 2020-2022, including 15 in June 2022, after ED approved $71.7 million in borrower defense discharges for misled students.[5]
We found schools’ most recently reported fall enrollment in the National Center for Education Statistics’ College Navigator Database.[8] If no data were available, we used figures from the school’s website or linked news release.
We also include a reason for each closure or merger. Here’s what each means:
Accreditation Issues: A college lost accreditation, preventing it from enrolling new students.
Financial: A college closed due to financial struggle (e.g., lack of funding).
Enrollment: A declining number of students over the years strained the institution’s feasibility.
Mutual Benefit: Two or more institutions mutually benefited from merging (e.g., schools shared complementary programs)
Pandemic: The college closed due to strain primarily caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
College Closures Over Time
The State Higher Education Executive Office (SHEEO) and the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center (NSCRC) analyzed college campus closures from July 2004-June 2020. Out of the nearly 12,000 college campuses that closed in this period, the researchers looked at a sample of 467 schools. They found:Note Reference [2]
78% of closed colleges were for-profit schools.
21% were private nonprofit schools.
Less than 1% were public, and most of these were online programs.
About 53% of closed colleges were two-year, and 47% were four-year.
The SHEEO/NSCRC report cites loss of accreditation and financial challenges as the primary reasons for-profit colleges close.Note Reference [2]
We plotted the data the researchers collected over time below.
Campus closures started ticking up after 2012 and peaked in 2018.
In the years with the most closures, for-profit campus closures overwhelmed those of nonprofit and public schools.
Behind the Numbers
The numbers in the graph above represent a sample of all college closures. So, this graph is useful for finding trends in college closures, not for counting the total number of college closures.
Abrupt College Closures
Closing colleges may create written transition plans for students. Unfortunately, many closures are abrupt, meaning a school closes without warning or a transfer plan for students.
Among the 467 school closures SHEEO and NSCRC analyzed:Note Reference [2]
Almost one-third of college closures (31.5%) happened abruptly.
For-profit colleges are far more likely to close abruptly than public and nonprofit colleges.
Schools that closed abruptly served larger student bodies than those that closed in an orderly manner, on average (682 vs. 134 in average total enrollment).
7 in 10 students impacted by a college closure experienced an abrupt closure.
What Happens After a College Closes
In the SHEEO/NSCRC study:Note Reference [2]
Most students who experienced a college closure did not re-enroll in another program (52.9%).
Students who experienced an abrupt closure had lower re-enrollment and completion rates than students who experienced an orderly closure.
Not completing a college degree could affect the likelihood of defaulting on a student loan. Closed colleges are more likely to enroll larger proportions of students of color, women, and Pell Grant recipientsNote Reference [2] — groups that carry more student loan debt on average.
If you’re a student, there are steps you can take if your college closes, like finishing your program at another school or possibly getting a discharge for federal student loans.
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At least 72 public or nonprofit colleges have closed, merged, or announced closures or mergers since March 2020.
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